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The recorder is a family of woodwind musical instruments of the group known as ''fipple flutes'' or ''internal duct flutes''—whistle-like instruments that include the tin whistle. The recorder is end-blown, and the mouth of the instrument is constricted by a wooden plug, known as a ''block'' or ''fipple''.〔Grove Music Online recommends that use of the word ''fipple'' should be abandoned because its meaning is confused; however, other sources (e.g. the ''Oxford Dictionary of Music'') continue to use it.〕 It is distinguished from other members of the family by having holes for seven fingers (the lower one or two often doubled to facilitate the production of semitones) and one for the thumb of the uppermost hand. The bore of the recorder can be tapered slightly, being widest at the mouthpiece end and narrowest towards the foot on Baroque recorders. Renaissance-era instruments also taper, but generally have more nearly cylindrical bores. Recorders can be made out of wood, plastic, or ivory. The recorder was popular in medieval times through the baroque era, but declined in the 18th century in favour of orchestral woodwind instruments, such as the flute, oboe, and clarinet. During its heyday, the recorder was traditionally associated with pastoral scenes, miraculous events, funerals, marriages, and amorous scenes. Images of recorders can be found in literature and artwork associated with all of these. Purcell, Bach, Telemann, and Vivaldi used the recorder to suggest shepherds and imitate birds in their music, a theme that continued in 20th-century music.〔Nicholas S. Lander (The Recorder Homepage ) (1996-). Last accessed 30 June 2014.〕 The recorder was revived in the 20th century, partly in the pursuit of historically informed performance of early music, but also because of its suitability as a simple instrument for teaching music and its appeal to amateur players. Today, it is sometimes thought of as a child's instrument, but there are many professional players who demonstrate the instrument's full solo range.〔For example, Eve O'Kelly describes how Frans Brüggen "achieved worldwide recognition as a recorder virtuoso" in her book ''The Recorder Today'', Cambridge University Press, 1990. ISBN 0-521-36681-X. p.62〕 The sound of the recorder is remarkably clear and sweet, partly because of the lack of upper harmonics and predominance of odd harmonics in the sound. ==Name of the instrument== The instrument has been known by its modern name at least since the 14th century. David Lasocki reports the earliest use of the word ''recorder'' was in the household of the Earl of Derby (later to become King Henry IV) in 1388: '.〔David Lasocki, "Recorder", §I. 1: Nomenclature, ''Grove Music Online'', edited by Deane Root, Oxford Music Online .〕 By 1530 the word had transferred into English: ''Of recorders fond fyrst the melodies''.〔 "... recorders sound foremost the melodies". Note that the OED citation gives "fond", but this may be a modern misprint for "ſond", that is "sond".〕 The name is apparently derived from the verb ''to record'' (senses 2 & 3) with the suffix -er.〔 To record in this sense is uncommon in modern English; it originally meant to practice and learn, literally ''by heart'' from the Latin ''corda''. In 1413 the ''Pilgr. Sowle'' (Pilgrim Soul, printed by Caxton in 1483) includes: ''When they hadde these instrumentes they recorded songes besyly tylle that they were ... parfyte ynowe in al maner musike''.〔"When they had these instruments they busily practised songs until they were perfect enough () in all types of music".〕 Up to the 18th century, the instrument was called ' in Italian, the language used in writing music, whereas the instrument we today call the flute was called '. This has led to some pieces of music occasionally being mistakenly performed on the ''flauto traverso'' (transverse flute) rather than on the recorder.〔 The instrument maker Thomas Stanesby, Junior called the recorder the "common English flute" and also used the French name ''flûte à bec''.〔http://www.flute-a-bec.com/textestanesbygb.html〕 Today, the recorder is known as ' in Italian (sweet flute), with equivalents in other languages, such as ' in Brazilian Portuguese (or ' in European Portuguese) and ' in Spanish. In those two languages, the name ''flauta'' is ambiguous, as it can mean any kind of transverse flutes, a recorder, or different other types of wind blown instruments, like the pan flute and some instruments used by the descendants of native peoples of the Central and South Americas (with varied degrees of influence of European instruments). In French the word ' is similarly ambiguous (the French translation is ', literally "beaked flute"), and it is also called ''flauta de pico'' in Spanish, meaning the same. In German the fipple block is called the ''Block'' and hence the German name is ', while the modern flute is called ' (literally from '')'', ' (great flute) or simply '. Naming in Dutch and the Scandinavian languages follows the same convention as in German. In Dutch, for example, the recorder is called ' and the flute is ', and in Swedish the corresponding names are ' and '. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Recorder (musical instrument)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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